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Have children (n = 707)
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No children (n = 392)
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P value
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|---|
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Sex, n (%)
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Male
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341 (48.2)
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259 (66.1)
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< 0.0001
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|
Age (years), mean (SD)
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41.2 (10.6)
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39.1 (10.5)
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0.109
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Highest level of education, n (%)
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|
Grade 8 and below
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175 (24.8)
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64 (16.5)
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0.001
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Grades 9–12
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332 (47.2)
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213 (54.8)
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0.019
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College/university, trade school, masters/PhD
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196 (27.7)
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112 (28.6)
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0.779
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Employment status, n (%)
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Currently employed
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214 (30.3)
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158 (40.4)
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0.001
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Marital status, n (%)
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Married/common law/living with partner
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255 (36.1)
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95 (24.3)
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< 0.0001
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Source of first opioid exposure, n (%)
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Prescribed by physician
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386 (54.6)
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140 (35.7)
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< 0.0001
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Smoking status, n (%)
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Current smoker
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597 (84.6)
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335 (85.4)
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0.344
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Self-reported substance use in the past 30 days, n (%)*
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Alcohol
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272 (38.4)
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179 (45.7)
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0.024
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Benzodiazepine
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71 (10.0)
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51 (7.2)
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0.134
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Heroin
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78 (11.0)
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61 (15.6)
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0.046
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Cocaine
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117 (16.5)
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84 (21.4)
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0.051
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Amphetamine
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45 (6.4)
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27 (6.9)
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0.799
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Crack cocaine
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81 (11.5)
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42 (10.7)
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0.765
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Cannabis
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344 (48.6)
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235 (59.9)
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0.000
|
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Illicit methadone
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12 (1.7)
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3 (0.8)
|
0.280
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Other drugs**
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361 (51.1)
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216 (55.1)
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0.208
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|
Methadone dose (mg/day), mean (SD)
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76.0 (46.3)
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71.0 (42.9)
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0.223
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Length of current treatment (months), mean (SD)
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51.9 (51.6)
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39.4 (41.6)
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< 0.0001
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Age of first opioid use, mean (SD)
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26.6 (9.1)
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22.8 (7.6)
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< 0.0001
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Illicit opioid use through urine screens, n (%)
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At least 1 positive urine screen during 3 month study period
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395 (55.9)
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214 (54.6)
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0.704
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- *Some people use more than 1 substance at once so the values of self-reported substance use might not add up to 100% in each row
- **Other drugs used by participants include ketamine, Percocet, diluadid, oxycontin, fentanyl, oxycodeine, hydromorphone, morphine, acetaminophen, crystal meth, gabapentin, MDMA, OxyNeo, Ritalin, poppy seed opium, hashish, illicit Suboxone, and codeine
