Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, by opioid overdose history (N = 2360)
| Characteristic |
Total sample N = 2360 |
No reported overdoses n = 1619 (68.6%) |
Lifetime history of overdoses n = 562 (23.8%) |
ED visit for overdose in the last year n = 179 (7.6%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age; mean (SD) | 39.3 (10.9) | 40.0 (10.8) | 38.8 (11.1) | 34.9(9.6) |
| Female sexa; n (%) | 1046 (44.3%) | 728 (45%) | 245 (43.7%) | 73(40.8%) |
|
Ethnicity; n (%) Caucasian Other |
1705 (72.3%) 655 (27.8%) |
1154 (71.3%) 465 (28.7%) |
422 (75.1%) 140 (24.9%) |
129 (72.1%) 50 (27.9%) [3] |
| Married or common law; n (%) | 691 (29.3%) | 515 (31.8%) | 135 (24%) | 41 (22.9%) |
| High school education; n (%) | 668 (28.3%) | 473 (29.2%) | 153 (27.2%) | 42 (23.5%) |
| Children; n (%) | 1615 (68.4%) | 1132 (69.9%) | 366 (65.1%) | 117 (65.4%) |
| Currently working; n (%) | 780(33.1%) | 592 (36.6%) | 158 (28.1%) | 30 (16.8%) |
| Receiving social assistanceb; n (%) | 1298 (55%) | 827 (51.1%) | 350 (62.3%) | 121 (67.6%) |
| Treatment | ||||
|
Type of MATc; n (%) Methadone Suboxone |
1868 (79.3%) 488 (20.7%) |
1270 (78.6%) 346 (21.4%) |
456 (81.3%) 105 (18.7%) |
142 (79.3%) 37 (20.7%) |
|
Dose; mean (SD) Methadone Suboxone |
70.5 (40.6) 12.0 (6.8) |
69.5(42.4) 11.9 (6.9) |
76.9(37.1) 12.6 (6.4) |
58.9 (31.5) 11.2 (6.4) |
| Years in treatment; median (Q1, Q3) | 2.6 (0.8, 6) | 3(1, 6.75) | 2.4 (0.8, 7) | 0.6(0.2,2) |
| Previous Treatment for Opioid Dependencea; n (%) | 804 (34.1%) | 500 (30.9%) | 217 (38.6%) | 87 (48.6%) |
| Abstinent from opioid use at study entryd; n(%) | 732 (31.1%) | 537 (33.3%) | 166 (29.7%) | 29 (16.3%) |
| Percentage of opioid-positive urine drug screens if non-abstinent at study entryd; mean (SD) | 16.3 (23.3) | 15.1 (22.9) | 16.7 (22.8) | 25.9 (25.9) |
| Substance use | ||||
| Age start using opioids regularlya; mean (SD) | 24.9 (9.3) | 25.9 (9.6) | 22.7 (8.3) | 22.4 (8.1) |
| IV drug use (past 30 days); n(%) | 375 (15.9%) | 164 (10.1%) | 127 (22.6%) | 84 (46.9%) |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days)e; n (%) | 870 (36.9%) | 588 (36.3%) | 208 (37%) | 74 (41.6%) |
| Prescription benzodiazepine use, n (%) | 369 (15.6%) | 242 (15%) | 103 (18.3%) | 24 (13.4%) |
| Non-prescription use of benzodiazepines (past 30 days)e; n (%) | 180 (7.6%) | 88 (5.4%) | 64 (11.4%) | 28 (15.7%) |
| Cannabis use (past 30 days)e; n (%) | 1257 (53.3%) | 846 (52.3%) | 301 (53.6%) | 110 (61.8%) |
| Have access to naloxone kits; n (%) | 1840 (78%) | 1210 (74.7%) | 472 (84%) | 158 (88.3%) |
| Know how to use naloxone; n (%) | 1907 (80.8%) | 1243 (76.8%) | 493 (87.7%) | 171 (95.5%) |
| Mental and physical health | ||||
| Suicidal ideation; n (%) | 489 (20.7%) | 298 (18.4%) | 134 (23.8%) | 57 (31.8%) |
| Total physical symptoms score on MAPc; mean (SD) | 14.3 (8.0) | 13.8 (7.9) | 15.2 (8.0) | 16.0 (8.5) |
| Total psychological symptoms score on MAPf; mean (SD) | 11.7 (9.0) | 10.7 (8.8) | 13.4(8.9) | 14.6 (9.5) |